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Superior viewLateral viewPosterior viewInferior viewAnterior view
Resources
Bef
Superior viewLateral viewPosterior viewInferior viewAnterior view
Resources
Before you attempt to complete the exercises below, you may want to review my lecture slides with pictures of bones:
Lecture slides (PDF):05_SkullBonesAnth111Kirwin2023.pdf Download 05_SkullBonesAnth111Kirwin2023.pdf
Exercise 5 in the Lab Manual for Anth 111 (PDF): Anth111Manual7Ex5HumanCranial.pdf Download Anth111Manual7Ex5HumanCranial.pdf
Lab Manual for Anth 111 (7th Edition) (Word doc): LAVCLabManual7thEditionc2019Word.docDownload LAVCLabManual7thEditionc2019Word.doc
Pre-recorded Zoom video instructions: Zoom pre-recorded lecture: Lab #5 (Ex. 5.1+) Skull Bones, Sutures, & Features
Below are short pre-recorded video lectures with captions:
I recommend watching Pierce College’s Dr. Brian Pierson’s two videos on YouTube about cranial bones:
“Bones of the Skull” (2020) 16-minute long video. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3qlImHGi5o&t=4s
“Landmarks [sutures and features] of the Skull” (2020) 11-minute long video. Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DreAgsLHLU
My pre-recorded and captioned Zoom lecture Page. Link: Zoom recorded lecture (2022): Lab #5 (Ex. 5.1+) Skull Bones, Sutures, & Features
“Bones of the Skull” (2020) 16 minutes long video. Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3qlImHGi5o&t=4s
“Landmarks [sutures and features] of the Skull” (2020) 11 minutes long video. Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DreAgsLHLU
Directions
Complete Exercises 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4, and answer the “Study Questions” (1 and 2 only) on pages 49-55 in the Lab Manual for Anth 111 (7th Edition) according to the directions on this Canvas Assignment.
–> I recommend reading the directions on this Canvas Assignment before attempting the exercises in the lab manual!
Exercise 5.1 Getting to Know the Skull (pages 49-50)
Directional terms used in anatomy: Draw skulls from the different vantage points in each box according to the directions on page 50 of the Lab Manual for Anth 111 (6th Edition) and then answer the questions on this page.
The anatomical directional terms are in my lecture slides (PDF), this Canvas Assignment, and below:Superior: Above = “superior to”
Inferior: Below = “inferior to”
Medial: On the middle area of the body (or towards the middle of the body from another bone or feature) = “medial” or “medial to”
Lateral: On the outside or side of the body (or towards the left or right side of the body from another bone or feature) = “lateral” or “lateral to”
Anterior: Front of the body (or in front of a feature or other bone) = “anterior to”
Posterior: Back of the body (or behind a feature or other bone) = “posterior to”
Exercise 5.2 The Divisions and Bones of the Skull (pages 51-53)
On these pages, label the bones, sutures, and features of the human skull that are listed on page 51 on the drawings of the skulls on pages 52 and 53. Some bones can only be seen on the anterior view (like on page 53). And, some bones can be only seen via the lateral view and inferior view (like on page 52) so that’s why both pages of skull drawings are assigned to be labeled.
–> I recommend three different colors to label the skull drawings on pages 52 and 53:Black pen: Label the bones like the frontal bone, the left, and right parietal bones, etc.
Blue pen: Label the sutures like the coronal suture, sagittal suture, squamous suture, lambdoidal suture, etc.
Other color pen or pencil: Label the landmarks/features like the foramen magnum (vertebral column hole), mental eminence (chin), etc.
Exercise 5.3 “Measuring the Skull” (pages 53-54)
Review how to calculate the cephalic (cranial) index and which measuring tool is used to measure a skull.
Spreading caliper: It is used to measure the width and length of a human skull.
Cephalic Index: It is a quantification of a head’s shape. It is calculated with the head width divided by head length times 100.
The directions on how to measure a skull and calculate its cephalic index are on page 54.
(It is a repeat of the instructions in Exercise 1.3 “Taking Anthropometric Measurements” in the Lab Manual for Anth 111 (7th Edition), pages 13-15.)
4. Ex. 5.3 “Osteometry of the Skull” (pages 59-60)
Complete the exercise on page 54 to calculate the Cranial Index and its Cranial Category. The “Cranial Category” Is based on the category’s of head shapes listed on page 16 (dolichocephalic, mesocephalic, and brachycephalic) in Exercise 1.6 “The Meaning of Indices” in the Lab Manual for Anth 111 (7th Edition), page 16 and this Canvas Assignment.
Human Head Shapes and Their Index Ranges*Dolichocephalic= Less than 75
Mesocephalic= 75 to 79.9
Brachycephalic= 80 and above
IMPORTANT: Instead of your own skull’s measurements, use the measurements below for a skull called “Fred”.
Below is a review of the directions on to calculate a cephalic index that are on page 54 but with more details:
Head width = It is measured from a point above the ears, at the maximum width of the head, at a point called a “euryon” on the left and right parietal bones (left “euryon” to right “euryon”. See the anterior view of the skull drawing on page 54.
Head length = It is measured along the midsagittal plane from the point between the eyebrows (called the “glabella” on the frontal bone) to a point on the back of the head that is the furthest distance from the first point (the “opisthocranion” on the occipital bone). See the lateral view of the skull drawing on page 54.
Cephalic Index = (head width/head length) x 100 (The forward slash symbol means “divided by”.)
Measurements to use to complete Exercise 5.3 and calculate “Fred’s” Cephalic (aka Cranial Index) and Head Shape:
Fred’s Head Measurements
“Maximum cranial breadth” (head width) used to calculate “Fred’s” Cranial index head shape on page 54 =122
“Maximum cranial length” used to calculate “Fred’s” Cranial index and head shape on page 54 = 165
Fred’s Cranial Index = _______(see the formula above on this Canvas Assignment. It is also on page 54 of the Lab Manual for Anth 111 (7th Edition).)
Fred’s Head Shape Category: ___________ (dolichocephalic, mesocephalic, or brachycephalic?)
Answer questions 1 thru 6 under “Test your learning” (pages 54-55).
Hint: The answer is on the top of page 15 (Exercise 1.6 “The Meaning of Indices”).
Hint: The answer is on the top of page 16 for dog heads (Exercise 1.6 “The Meaning of Indices”).
Hint: It is a feature listed under “Features of the Skull” on page 51 (Exercise 5.2 “The Divisions and Bones of the Skull”), in my lecture slides, and in my recorded and captioned Zoom video for this lab.
Hint: It’s named after the astrological sign and ancient Greek mythological creature Sagittarius. The answer is in my lecture slides and recorded and captioned Zoom video.
Hint: In Latin, its name means something like “hole big” and the answer is in my lectures slides and recorded and captioned Zoom video,
Hint: It’s one bone that is butterfly-shaped and its left and right “wings” can be seen on the left and right sides of the skull. The answer is in my lecture slides and recorded and captioned Zoom video.
5. Study Questions 1 and 2 (page 55)
Just answer questions 1 and 2. (Do not try to write the answers to questions 3 and 4.)
1. Hint: The answers are on page 50 of the Lab Manual for Anth 111 (7th Edition). This question asks you to explain the anatomical planes like Frankfurt Position (positioning a human skull with ear holes level to the inferior edge of eye orbits), Sagittal Plane (left and right sides of the body or either side of the Sagittal suture on the skull), and Coronal Plane(front and back of the body or either side of the coronal suture on the skull). There! I just gave you the answers. Type or write something like that.
2. Hint: It refers to directional terms like “superior to”, “inferior to,” etc. The answer is on this Canvas Assignment, my lecture slides, and the recorded and captioned Zoom video.
Typo in the Lab Manual for Anth 111 (7th Edition)
Ignore the references to using a “Photographic Atlas” printed in the Lab Manual for Anth 111 (7th Edition) in some of the exercises (like this one). The “Photographic Atlas” has not been used in this class for years. Ignore all mentions of it. You do not need this expensive and now out-of-print book.
Grading Rubric for Lab #5
2 points: Exercise 5.1 “Getting to Know the Skull” (pages 49-50)
3 points: Exercise 5.2 Ex. 5.2 “The Divisions and Bones of the Skull” (pages 51-53) (Label the bones, sutures, and features on the three drawings of human skulls.)
2 points: Exercise 5.3 “Measuring the Skull” (pages 53-55) (Instead of your own skull’s measurements, use the measurements on this lab’s Canvas Assignment for a skull called “Fred”.)
2 points: Study Questions (1 and 2)___________________________________.
10 points: Total maximum points possible
* Yes, you can buy a real human skull! If you want your very own human noggin, I recommend replicas from Bone Clones. Bones Clones has its headquarters with its workshop and store only a few miles away from Pierce College in Canoga Park. Their facility is a fun place to visit and if you call ahead, you may be able to get a private tour of their workshop and see the artists at work and view all kinds of bones and real and imaginary replica “monsters” in their collection room. (Years ago, Bone Clones hosted a fun tour I did with our son’s sixth-grade glass.) However, If are interested in buying the skeletal remains of someone’s dearly departed, here’s a link to an online retailer of real human bones that won’t get you into trouble: https://www.skullsunlimited.com/collections/humansLinks to an external site.
Turn in
Where: Turn in your completed lab exercises to this Canvas Assignment, by clicking on the red “Submit” button.
Submission formats: Text or uploaded files (pdf,doc,docx,txt,jpg, png).
A. How to annotate (type on or edit) a PDF file online using your computer or tablet.
If you use a PDF file of the lab manual’s exercise pages, you can annotate (write on the file) using a free Chrome extension called Kami (Link: https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/kami-for-google-chrome/ecnphlgnajanjnkcmbpancdjoidceilk?hl=en&pli=1Links to an external site.
If you have Adobe Acrobat DC (you can get the student version, which is cheaper), you can annodate a PDF file of the lab manual’s exercise pages and upload the pages to this lab’s Canvas Assignment.
B. How to convert printed lab manual pages (paper) into a digital file you can upload to this lab’s Canvas Assignment:
You can scan the completed exercises on hard copies of the lab manual’s page using your smartphone! There is a free smartphone app called GeniusScan. (Link: https://apps.apple.com/us/app/scanner-app-genius-scan/id377672876Links to an external site. )
Or, you can scan the pages and convert them to a PDF file using a copier/scanning machine. Then you click on “Submit” on the Canvas Assignment and upload your work at an attached PDF file.
You can also use your smartphone’s camera to take photos of each page with exercises you completed and upload each digital photo file to the lab’s Canvas Assignment by clicking on “Submit” and attaching each file. I do not recommend this method because it takes a long time for you to do (and for me to grade) and I’ve noticed the photo quality is sometimes so bad that I cannot grade some students’ work.
You can also copy the text in a Google Doc, a Microsoft Word doc, or copy’n’paste it as text in a text box on this Assignment and hit “Submit”.
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